Components:
-Central executive: Control, limited capacity, process info from any sensory modality. Sets goals, corrects errors starts rehearsal process, retrieves info from LTM.
SLAVE SYSTEMS WORK INDEPENDENTLY.
-Phonological loop: 'inner voice', limited capacity, temporary system holding verbal info in speech based form.
-Visuo spatial skectchpad: 'inner eye' limited capacity, temp memory system holds visuo/spatial info.
BOTH HAVE PASSIVE STORES.
-Articulatory loop: words maintained by subvocal repetition.
-Visuo Cache: Linked to 'active inner scribe' +acts as a rehearsal mechanism.
Evidence for phonological loop:
Baddeley, Thomson+Buchanan (WORD LENGTH EFFECT)
Aim: to find evidence of the existence of the phonological loop.
Procedure: visaual presentations of words listed briefly and p's wrote them down in serial order.
Condition 1- lists consisted of 5 words taken from familiar, one syllable words.
Condition 2- 5 words were polysyllabic.
Results: Average correct recall over several trials showed superiority for the short words, called the 'word length effect'.
Conclusion: They concluded that the capacity of the loop is determined by the length of time it takes to say words rather than by the number of items. This time is 1.5 secs.
Shepard and Feng (1972) (WORD CUBE 3D SHAPE)
Aim: investigate whether visual images work in a similar way to real life perception.
Procedure: p's imagined folding flat shapes to form 3D shapes and had to decide with the finished shape if the arrows would meet head on.
Result: found time taken to make the decisions was related to number of folds that were required if the p's were doing the folding.
Conclusion: visual images work in similar ways to real life perceptions. It is thought that the visuo spatial sketchpad is used in tasks like these for temp storage and manipulation of visual patterns and spatial moment. In this case people are likely to find it hard to simultaneously do tasks both requiring the visuo spatial sketchpad. This was tested below.
Evidence for the visuo spatial sketchpad
Baddeley, Grant, Wight and Thomson (1973) (TRACKING AND VISUAL TASK)
Aim: to see if p's could carry out a tracking task at same time as performing verbal task (evidence of limited resources of visuo spatial sketchpad)
Procedure: Carried out tracking task of following a spot of light, and a visual task of imagining the shapes of letters in which they had to say 'yes' or 'no' to angles being said to them of the shape.
Result: hard to do both as both needed visuo spatial sketchpad.
Evaluation: lab. low ecological validity. used repeated measures design to eliminate effects of individual differences. Distress. (ethical)
Evidence for central executive
Baddeley (1966) (KEYBOARD, ALPHABET)
Aim: to investigate functions attributed to central executive of selective attention and switching retrieval plans.
Procedure: p's generated random strings of digits by pressing keys on a keyboard while simultaneously either; reciting alphabet, counting from 1, or switching between letters and numbers.
Result: generated digit string became less random in condition 3 when p's had to switch from alphabet to numbers at same time.
Conclusion: random number generation task and alternation task competed for central executive resources.
+/- OF WORKING MEMORY MODEL
-More plausible than multi store as explains STM in terms of temp storage and active processing.
-incorperated verbal rehearsal as on process within the articulatory loop instead of just transferring info.
-can apply model to previous research e.g. digit span
-can account for findings difficult for multi store to explain e.g. selective memory.
-There's and attempt to explain how memory functions.
- Baddeley (1998) presented evidence of the phonological loop and how it plays key role in development of reading and the phonological loop is not operative in kids with dyslexia. Can be applied for real life settings. ACCOUNTS FOR INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES.
- Doesn't offer a complete understanding of how memory works.
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